Click on the Link Below to
Purchase A+ Graded Course Material
Quiz 2 Chapter 2
Chapter
2—Normative Theories of Ethics
MULTIPLE
CHOICE
1. Consequentialism
a.
|
is
best represented by Ross's theory of ethics.
|
b.
|
states
that sometimes the consequences of our actions can be morally relevant.
|
c.
|
states
that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its results.
|
d.
|
differs
from nonconsequentialism because nonconsequentialism denies that consequences
have any moral significance.
|
2. If you adopt ethical egoism as your moral
code, then
a.
|
you
can never act honestly or be gracious or helpful to others.
|
b.
|
you
must endorse hedonism.
|
c.
|
you
must always avoid any unpleasant or painful experiences.
|
d.
|
you
believe that it is morally right to do whatever promotes your self-interest.
|
3. Egoism as a psychological theory
a.
|
states
that self-interest is the only thing that ever motivates anyone.
|
b.
|
is
the same thing as ethical egoism.
|
c.
|
states
that people are sometimes selfish.
|
d.
|
is
based on egoism as an ethical theory.
|
4. Which of the following represents a utilitarian
belief?
a.
|
Rightness
is determined by what most people want, i.e., by majority rule.
|
b.
|
Rightness
is determined by what will bring about the most good.
|
c.
|
We
should concern ourselves only with the immediate results of our actions.
|
d.
|
We
must always disregard our own happiness when deciding what to do.
|
5. According to the utilitarian theory, an
action is morally right if and only if
a.
|
it
makes the person who does it happy.
|
b.
|
everyone
prefers that action to any other action.
|
c.
|
it maximizes
total, net happiness.
|
d.
|
it
brings only happiness and causes no pain.
|
6. Utilitarians believe that
a.
|
knowledge,
friendship, and aesthetic satisfaction are intrinsically valuable (or
inherently good).
|
b.
|
we
can predict with certainty the future consequences of our actions.
|
c.
|
an
action that leads to unhappiness is morally right if any other action that
you could have performed instead would have brought about even more
unhappiness.
|
d.
|
an
action can't be right if the people who are made happy by it are outnumbered
by the people who are made unhappy by it.
|
7. Which of the following considerations about
utilitarianism is correct?
a.
|
The
great 19th century utilitarians, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill,
believed that pleasure and happiness were different things.
|
b.
|
Unlike
Mill, Bentham was only concerned with the amount of pleasure that an action
produces, not the quality of the pleasure.
|
c.
|
Act
utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism boil down to the same thing.
|
d.
|
Utilitarians
believe that we can't compare one person's happiness with that of another.
|
8. The case of the "deathbed promise"
shows that
a.
|
utilitarianism
may lead to conclusions that conflict with commonsense morality.
|
b.
|
keeping
your promises never maximizes happiness.
|
c.
|
it
was wrong to have made the promise in the first place.
|
d.
|
utilitarianism
boils down to egoism.
|
9. Utilitarianism is appealing as a standard for
moral decision making in business. Which of the following provides a reason for
this?
a.
|
Utilitarianism
provides an objective way of resolving conflicts of self-interest.
|
b.
|
Utilitarianism
provides a rigid approach to moral decision making.
|
c.
|
Utilitarianism
provides a fuzzy standard for formulating and testing policies.
|
d.
|
Utilitarianism
gives us firm rules to follow, rules that don't permit exceptions.
|
10. Which of the following is true regarding
Immanuel Kant’s beliefs?
a.
|
He
defended a consequentialist theory of right and wrong.
|
b.
|
He
believed that all duties are prima facie duties.
|
c.
|
He
believed that moral principles rest on empirical data, on observation and
experiment.
|
d.
|
He
believed that reason by itself can reveal the basic principles of morality.
|
11. According to Kant
a.
|
good
will is the only thing that is good in itself.
|
b.
|
an
action has moral worth if it is consistent with the categorical imperative.
|
c.
|
only
actions based on feeling or sentiment have moral worth.
|
d.
|
a
self-interested person can never do the right action.
|
12. Imagine a shopkeeper who is honest because
being honest is good for business. When the shopkeeper refrains from cheating a
customer, Kant would say this action
a.
|
was
wrong because its motive was impure.
|
b.
|
was
in accordance with duty, but not done from duty.
|
c.
|
displayed
a high level of moral worth.
|
d.
|
shows
that he was following the categorical imperative.
|
13. "If you want to go to law school, then
you must take the LSAT exam." This statement is an example of
a.
|
the
transcendental imperative.
|
c.
|
a
hypothetical imperative.
|
b.
|
the
categorical imperative.
|
d.
|
irrational
behavior.
|
14. Kant believed that we should always act
a.
|
in
such a way that we can will the maxim of our action to be a local law.
|
b.
|
in a
way that treats success as an end in itself, never merely as means.
|
c.
|
in a
way that would be universally unacceptable to all rational beings.
|
d.
|
in a
way that we can will the maxim of our action to become a universal law.
|
15. According to W. D. Ross's theory
a.
|
a prima
facie obligation is absolute and can never be overridden.
|
b.
|
what
we should do in any specific set of circumstances will always be
self-evident.
|
c.
|
it
would be wrong to lie to a murderer even to save the life of a friend.
|
d.
|
we
have various moral duties that can't be reduced to a single, overarching
obligation.
|
16. Nonconsequentialists like Ross believe that
a.
|
we
have no obligation to promote general welfare.
|
b.
|
utilitarianism
doesn't require us to sacrifice as much as we should to help other people.
|
c.
|
morality
permits each of us a sphere in which to pursue our own plans and goals.
|
d.
|
people's
so-called "moral rights" are unimportant when determining the right
course of action.
|
17. Supererogatory actions are
a.
|
actions
that are normally wrong to do, but can sometimes be right.
|
b.
|
actions
that it would be good to do but not immoral not to do.
|
c.
|
actions
that we are morally required to do, all things considered.
|
d.
|
actions
that are wrong even though they produce some good.
|
18. The statement that best defines rights is
a.
|
all
moral rights are legal rights.
|
b.
|
a
negative right is a right to receive certain benefits.
|
c.
|
a
right is an entitlement to act or to have others act in a certain way.
|
d.
|
all
moral rights are human rights.
|
19. Which of the following statements is true
regarding human rights?
a.
|
Human
rights are equal rights; if X is a human right, then everyone has this right.
|
b.
|
Human
rights are transferable and thus "alienable".
|
c.
|
Human
rights rest on particular roles and special relationships.
|
d.
|
Human
rights are not natural but are always grounded in a specific legal or
political system.
|
20. Rule utilitarians
a.
|
believe
that the optimal moral code will not normally produce 100% compliance.
|
b.
|
believe
that the optimal moral code would consist of only one rule, namely, always
act so as to maximize happiness.
|
c.
|
assume
that everyone will always follow the rules, all the time.
|
d.
|
believe
that an action is wrong if it fails to maximize happiness.
|
21. For those who are trying to make moral
decisions,
a.
|
it
is impossible to make progress on controversial ethical issues unless
everyone shares the same moral theory.
|
b.
|
endorsing
a moral principle doesn't require you to apply it in all similar situations.
|
c.
|
moral
judgments don't have to be related to some general moral principles.
|
d.
|
in a
moral discussion, clarifying the facts and spelling out the principles to
which people are appealing can help us to reach a solution.
|
22. A practical basis for discussing moral issues
involves taking account of
a.
|
effects,
ideals, and obligations.
|
b.
|
effort,
duties, and organization.
|
c.
|
compassion,
intellect, and patience.
|
d.
|
compliance,
contribution, and consequences.
|
23. The only accurate statement about
consequentalism is:
a.
|
Utilitarianism
is a nonconsequentialist ethical theory.
|
b.
|
Utilitarianism
is an egoistic normative theory.
|
c.
|
Consequentialism
says that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its
results.
|
d.
|
Nonconsequentialists
deny that consequences have any moral significance.
|
24. A key idea of Immanuel Kant's ethical theory
is that:
a.
|
all
duties are prima facie duties.
|
b.
|
the
moral permissibility of our actions depends entirely upon their consequences.
|
c.
|
we
should treat people as ends in themselves, never merely as means.
|
d.
|
only
pleasure has intrinsic value.
|
25. Which of the following is true regarding
utilitarian beliefs?
a.
|
Utilitarians
wish to maximize happiness not simply immediately, but in the long run as
well.
|
b.
|
Utilitarians
contend that we can determine with certainty what the future consequences of
our present actions will be.
|
c.
|
When
choosing among possible actions, utilitarianism requires us to disregard our
own happiness.
|
d.
|
For
the hedonistic utilitarian, knowledge, friendship, and aesthetic satisfaction
are inherently good.
|
TRUE/FALSE
1. Adam Smith made the point that individual
pursuit of self-interest (egoistic conduct), even when subject to rules and constraints,
always undermines the utilitarian goal of producing the most good for all.
2. Rule utilitarianism applies the utilitarian
standard, not to individual actions, but to moral codes as a whole.
3. When a utilitarian like Jeremy Bentham advocates
"the greatest happiness for the greatest number," we must consider
unhappiness or pain as well as happiness.
4. The connection between rights and duties is
that, generally speaking, if you have a right to do something, then someone
else has a correlative duty to act in a certain way.
5. According to Immanuel Kant, moral reasoning
is based on observation.
6. According to Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart
Mill, pleasure is the one thing that is intrinsically good or worthwhile.
7. The rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights
are positive rights, not negative rights.
8. According to W. D. Ross, we have immediate
intuitive knowledge of the basic prima facie moral
obligations/principles.
9. Richard Brandt defends a form of act
utilitarianism.
10. All moral rights are legal rights.
11. By "maxim," Immanuel Kant meant the
subjective principle of an action, the principle that people in effect
formulate in determining their conduct.
12. Normative theories of ethics propose some
principle or principles for distinguishing right actions from wrong actions.
13. Nonconsequentialist theories of ethics never
consider the consequences of an action or rule when making a moral judgment.
14. The view that equates morality with
self-interest is egoism.
15. Egoists only do what they feel like doing.
16. Ethical egoism says that human beings are, as
a matter of fact, so constructed that they must behave selfishly.
17. Jeremy Bentham thought that a community is no
more than the individuals who compose it and that the interests of the
community are simply the sum of the interests of its members.
18. One feature about utilitarianism that makes
it appealing as a standard for moral decisions in business and nonbusiness
organizations is that it provides a clear and straightforward basis for
formulating and testing policies.
19. According to Adam Smith, if business is left
to pursue its self-interest, the good of society will be compromised and
harmed.
20. Immanuel Kant believed that it is only when
we act out of empathy for others that our actions have moral worth.
21. A hypothetical imperative tells us to act as
we would want everyone to act in that situation.
22. Immanuel Kant believed that prostitution was
immoral because, by selling their sexual services, prostitutes allow themselves
to be treated as only a means to an end.
23. A prima facie obligation is an
obligation that can be overridden by a more important obligation.
24. A supererogatory act is an act that would be good
to do, but not doing it is not wrong.
25. W. D. Ross denied that we have immediate,
intuitive knowledge of the basic prima facie obligations.
SHORT
ANSWER
1. What is the difference between legal rights
and moral rights and between negative rights and positive rights?
2. According to Kant, when does an action have
moral worth?
3. What is the difference between the
categorical imperative and a hypothetical imperative?
4. State two alternative formulations of
Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative. Explain what they mean.
5. Identify two forms of ethical egoism. What
are these two forms and how do they differ from one another?
6. What is a prima facie obligation?
7. Explain one of the two criticisms of Kant's
ethics.
8. Explain one of the three criticisms of
Utilitarianism.
9. What is the difference between egoism as an
ethical theory and psychological egoism?
10. According to Immanuel Kant, lying is never
morally permissible. Why does he believe this?
ESSAY
1. Choose two theories of ethics from the
reading and explain how you would properly apply them to the “Blood for Sale”
case.
2. How would the six points of utilitarianism be
applied to “The Ford Pinto” case to come to a proper resolution?
No comments:
Post a Comment